You can write a book review and share your experiences. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books you've read. Whether you've loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. Sep 04, 2017 Download Install N910FXXS1DQH8 August Patch for Galaxy Note 4. By Abd Razaaq updated September 4, 2017. Today Samsung started rolling the July Security Patch update for Galaxy Note 4 (Snapdragon) with build number N910FXXS1DQH8. The Android version is still based on 6.0.1 Marshmallow. If you are looking to safeguard your phone’s personal data.
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A very good news for Lenovo K4 Note users, finally and very quickly Android Marshmallow 6.0 update has been released and we can assure that it is pretty much better than Lollipop. Lenovo K4 Note Marshmallow 6.0 Update can be downloaded and installed very easily on your smartphone. Lenovo has officially not yet disclosed the date of release for Android M for Lenovo K4 Note for Indian users but we have got our hands on it already from Thailand forums which was officially released and we would be glad to share and let you experience the new operating system for your device.
This release is official and might contain bug which can be fixed later by the lenovo team, but so far after using it we haven’t found any bugs but the speed and performance on android marshmallow on Lenovo K4 Note has increased immensely. Lenovo K4 Note Marshmallow 6.0 Update Pre-Requisites.
Drivers –. Lenovo K4 Note Lollipop Stock Rom – A7010a48S147160113ROWTecholitecom (No need to download if you are already on A7010a48S152160302ROW). Lenovo K4 Note Marshmallow 6.0 Stock Rom – A7010a48S152160302ROWTOA7010a48S200160309ROWWC19FA0C1E.zip (rename it to update.zip). Keep your smartphone’s battery charged upto 70%.
Enable USB Debugging on your smartphone by going to Settings About Tap Build Number 10 times until you get the “Developer Mode Enabled” message. Hi All,I’ve updated my mobile a week ago and I am a technical person so as per me there are some bugs like:1. Major problem i’ve faced with sound as while listening the songs in earplugs after removing the earplugs the output of sound stopped from the speakers and for that I’ve to restart the mobile and only for this problem i want to fixed up so please if anyone can then please let me know.2. Google play services stopped working error while opening the messaging app.3.Some apps stop working cause of permission. It’s a good and also a very bad thing.
Good is that google made it internally but in vibe ui it was there as an separate icon in settings but now you have to find it in app settings.4. The battery backup was slightly better in Lollipop.5. Also charging was slightly better in Lollipop.6 The another major thing is about storage as in Lollipop in storage there was an option for storing the apps and date in outer storage but in marshmallow it is not there for that you have to make the sd card as an internal storage that is good and bad also. Good is like that you can make it as internal storage but bad thing is that you can’t use that sd card in other transfers directly from pc or anything.7. You can’t move the data from internal storage to usb and also from usb otg to internal that is very big mistake as per me.1. The ui in marshmallow is very good and smooth. I like it very much.2.
Performance is good.3. No lags while performing anything.
Experimental Setup of the Social Stress ParadigmIn the social stress condition, shown here, investigators faced the participants, directed their attention to the participant’s performance, and provided disapproving visual feedback after incorrect or slow responses. This was done by pressing a buzzer-shaped button device visible on live video stream, which prompted negative visual feedback on the task screen (“Error!” or “Respond faster!”). In addition, after the first of 2 runs, participants received negative verbal feedback indicating that the participant’s performance was below average. In the control condition (not shown), investigators disengaged their attention from the participant and no feedback was provided. To account for the ethnic social distance of participants to the experimenters, experiments were conducted by either German (A) or Turkish (B) investigator teams. Altered Neural Stress Processing in Perigenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Ethnic Minority Individuals and Relationship to Perceived Group DiscriminationA, Significant increase in perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC) activation in an ethnic minority sample compared with a German sample during stress processing ( t = 4.18; family-wise error–corrected FWE P =.005, region of interest corrected) displayed on sagittal (left) and coronal (right) sections of a structural-template magnetic resonance image.
Functional maps are thresholded at P =.001, uncorrected, for presentation purposes. MNI indicates Montreal Neurological Institute.
B, Mean contrast estimates extracted from the peak voxel of the analysis. The MNI coordinates are x = 6, y = 44, z = 0. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean. C, Significant correlation of ventral striatum ( t = 5.65; P FWE =.02, whole brain corrected) and pACC activation ( t = 5.33; P FWE =.001, region of interest corrected) with perceived group discrimination in ethnic minority individuals. Functional maps are thresholded at P =.001, uncorrected, for presentation purposes and are displayed on sagittal (left) and coronal (right) sections of a structural-template magnetic resonance image.
D, Scatterplot of the correlation of ventral striatum parameter estimates extracted from the peak voxel (MNI coordinates are x = −9, y = 5, z = −9) and perceived discrimination scores. Altered Perigenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex–Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Functional Connectivity in Ethnic Minority IndividualsA, Significant increase in perigenual anterior cingulate cortex–dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) functional connectivity during social stress in ethnic minority individuals compared with German comparison participants during stress processing ( t = 3.70; family-wise error–corrected P =.01, region of interest corrected) displayed on sagittal (left) and coronal (right) sections of a structural-template magnetic resonance image. Functional maps are thresholded at P =.005, uncorrected, for presentation purposes. MNI indicates Montreal Neurological Institute. B, Mean contrast estimates extracted from the peak voxel (MNI coordinates are x = 6, y = 14, z = 25). Error bars indicate standard error of the mean. AbstractImportance Relative risk for the brain disorder schizophrenia is more than doubled in ethnic minorities, an effect that is evident across countries and linked to socially relevant cues such as skin color, making ethnic minority status a well-established social environmental risk factor.
Pathoepidemiological models propose a role for chronic social stress and perceived discrimination for mental health risk in ethnic minorities, but the neurobiology is unexplored.Objective To study neural social stress processing, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, and associations with perceived discrimination in ethnic minority individuals.Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional design in a university setting using 3 validated paradigms to challenge neural social stress processing and, to probe for specificity, emotional and cognitive brain functions. Healthy participants included those with German lineage (n = 40) and those of ethnic minority (n = 40) from different ethnic backgrounds matched for sociodemographic, psychological, and task performance characteristics.
Control comparisons examined stress processing with matched ethnic background of investigators (23 Turkish vs 23 German participants) and basic emotional and cognitive tasks (24 Turkish vs 24 German participants).Main Outcomes and Measures Blood oxygenation level–dependent response, functional connectivity, and psychological and physiological measures.Results There were significant increases in heart rate ( P. Migrants face a complex set of physical, psychological, and social challenges that can affect their mental health.
Prior meta-analyses identified migration as one of the best-established environmental risk factors for schizophrenia across countries, - particularly in individuals who stand out from their social environment (eg, through skin color ). This adverse effect clearly persists into the second generation, ie, it is similarly effective in individuals born and raised in the respective host country who have never been exposed to adverse premigratory or perimigratory events., Consequently, current explanatory models focus on the postmigratory social milieu and propose effects of chronic social stress in ethnic minority groups, -, an established environmental risk factor for mental health and a potent stimulus for the functional reorganization of neural regulatory circuits.
Accumulating evidence points to a role for social adversity linked to ethnic minority status, - a factor that seems to be particularly detrimental during development. Epidemiologists highlight perceived discrimination as a psychological mechanism that may link social stress and mental health risk in ethnic minorities, - calling for clarification of the biology, but the neural mechanisms are unexplored to date.We aim to fill this gap by examining whether the neural processing of social stress is altered in individuals with ethnic minority status and, if so, whether perceived discrimination is a relevant psychosocial factor that relates to these changes. In doing so, we did not assume that there is a single migrant effect (ie, that the same risk-associated social cues yield the same effects across all migrant ethnicities and host countries). ParticipantsWe recruited healthy volunteers residing in a radius of approximately 50 km around Mannheim, Germany, by means of newspaper advertisement, information from local registration offices, posters, flyers, and the Internet. Responding individuals were screened thoroughly via telephone interview for the presence of exclusion criteria (see Author Methods for details). All participants were highly proficient in German language and provided written informed consent for a protocol approved by the University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim Ethic Board.We studied a total of 136 healthy, right-handed, Germany-born participants. Individuals either were of German family lineage (n = 87), including their parents and grandparents, or were born to first-generation migrant parents from the same foreign country (n = 49).
Demographic characteristics and measures are reported in Author Tables 1, 2, and 3. The precise overlap of individuals with ethnic minority background between the main stress experiment and the control comparisons is given in the corresponding tables. Social Stress TaskNeural social stress processing was studied using fMRI and a social stress task as previously described. In the stress condition, participants performed tasks challenging arithmetic and mental rotation abilities under time pressure. For social-evaluative stress induction, 2 investigators in laboratory coats provided disapproving feedback and were continuously shown to the participants via live video stream. In the control condition, participants performed figure- and number-matching tasks in the absence of time pressure or feedback. See Author Methods for further details on the task.
FMRI Activation AnalysesFor each paradigm and participant, linear contrast images of the task and control conditions were calculated and subjected to second-level random-effects analyses. To reflect our hypothesis derived from previous work, significance for the stress task was defined as P. Assessment of Stress Task–Related Psychological and Hormonal VariablesStress task–related psychometric assessments included a scale for subjective emotional responses to acute stress and items quantifying the individuals’ degree of effort, achievement motivation, error monitoring, and intimidation by the investigators during the stress task.
For quantification of cortisol response, a total of 8 salivary samples per participant were acquired throughout the stress experiment. See Author Methods for further details. Effects of Stress Induction and Correlations With Cortisol IncreaseStress induction resulted in robust increases in heart rate (all F ≥ 73.814; P.31). This indicates that while our stress manipulation per se was successful, no differences in the peripheral stress response were seen between German and ethnic minority individuals in any part of the fMRI experiment.
In the brain, stress induction engaged a distributed network including pACC ( P FWE. Stress-Related Differences in pACC Activation in Ethnic Minority IndividualsParticipants with an ethnic minority status showed a significant increase in pACC activation relative to the German group (MNI coordinates: x = 6, y = 44, z = 0; t = 4.18; P FWE =.005, ROI corrected) (A and B). According to Cohen, the corresponding r 2 of 0.2 indicates a medium to large effect size of the detected group difference. Furthermore, individuals with ethnic minority status reported significantly higher perceived chronic stress levels (Chronic Stress Screening Scale, t = 2.472; P =.02 for comparison group 1 Author Table 1 and P =.003 for comparison group 2 Author Table 2).
Secondary analyses showed that the group-dependent activation in pACC did not relate to chronic stress ( P =.34). Association of pACC Activation With Perceived Group DiscriminationConsistent with the literature, we observed higher levels of perceived group discrimination relative to perceived personal discrimination in ethnic minority individuals (dependent t test: t = 7.55; P.
Stress-Related Group Differences in pACC Functional ConnectivityWithin ACC, the dorsal-caudal aspects (dACC) have been highlighted as a region that forms specific structural connections with pACC, serves as a control area of pACC during emotion and stress, and is crucial for processing complex social experiences such as social support, social exclusion, and race attitudes. Guided by these data, we conducted a supplementary connectivity analysis examining whether ethnic minority individuals show differences in the functional coupling of pACC and higher-order dACC (see Author Methods for details). Relative to the German group, we detected a significant increase in pACC-dACC functional connectivity in our ethnic minority sample (MNI coordinates: x = 6, y = 14, z = 25; t = 3.70; P FWE =.01, ROI corrected). According to Cohen, the corresponding r 2 of 0.16 indicates a medium to large effect size of the detected group difference.
Secondary analyses demonstrated a significant association of pACC-dACC connectivity with chronic stress (Chronic Stress Screening Scale, t = 2.415; P =.02) but not acute stress (delta cortisol, t = 0.91; P =.37). No significant correlations with any other trait-, state-, or performance-related variables were detected (heart rate, P =.77; performance, P =.49; cortisol level, P =.58; SERS self-related emotions, P =.71; SERS tense arousal, P =.77; SERS anxiety, P =.77; self-esteem, P =.16; fear of negative evaluation, P =.61). Group Comparisons With Matched Ethnic Background of InvestigatorsPrevious studies have shown that brain processing of social information is modulated by social distance that is higher when interacting individuals belong to different social (including ethnic) groups. To examine whether ethnic social distance from the experimenters may have affected our findings, we compared the neural response of 23 ethnic minority individuals with a Turkish parental background (derived from the ethnic minority sample described earlier) with that of 23 matched German participants where social-evaluative stress was induced by a trained Turkish investigator team (B and Author Table 2). The group comparison confirmed a significant pACC activation increase in ethnic minority individuals with a Turkish background (MNI coordinates: x = 3, y = 41, z = 12; t = 4.62; P FWE =.004, ROI corrected) and provided additional evidence for increased activity in medial prefrontal cortex ( t = 5.64; P FWE =.02, whole brain corrected) and frontoinsular cortex ( t = 5.32; P FWE =.04, whole brain corrected) (eFigure 3A and B in ).
Functional connectivity analysis further confirmed a significantly higher pACC-dACC coupling in ethnic minority individuals with a Turkish background (MNI coordinates: x = 0, y = 23, z = 19; t = 3.91; P FWE =.01, ROI corrected) (eFigure 3C and D in ). Post Hoc Mediation AnalysisTo explore the potential causal contributions of perceived discrimination to the relationship between chronic social stress and pACC-dACC connectivity, mediation analysis was performed in 37 ethnic minority individuals with all available variables (see Author Methods for details). Guided by the literature, we included chronic stress as proposed mediator, - perceived group discrimination, as proposed causal variable, and individual contrast estimates for pACC-dACC functional connectivity as dependent variable, thereby controlling for age, sex, education, and other plausible influencing social factors that have been discussed as risk and resilience factors for mental health and may affect neural stress circuits (ie, social network size, migrant density in the neighborhood, perceived social status, and urban upbringing,). Path analysis showed that chronic stress significantly mediated the relationship between perceived discrimination and pACC-dACC coupling (standardized indirect effect = 0.165; P.
FMRI Control ExperimentsIn our fMRI control experiments, we detected no differential activations in ethnic minority individuals relative to German participants in any of the regions found to be significant in our stress experiments (eFigure 5 in ). Also, no differences in pACC-dACC functional connectivity or associations with perceived group discrimination were found (for N-back paradigm: pACC, P =.08, uncorrected; ventral striatum, P =.06, uncorrected; for faces paradigm: pACC, P =.25, uncorrected; ventral striatum, P =.16, uncorrected; for pACC-dACC connectivity: N-back, P =.05, uncorrected; faces, P =.06, uncorrected). DiscussionWe aimed to provide neurobiological evidence for a prominent pathoepidemiological concept in psychiatry, namely that the processing of social stress is altered in individuals with ethnic minority status and modulated by an adverse social environmental factor linked to their minority status, perceived discrimination., Consistent with this, we detected increased pACC activation during social-evaluative stress processing in our ethnic minority sample and increased functional coupling of this region to higher-order dACC.
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The results were not explained by a social distance effect, were correlated with perceived discrimination or affected by perceived discrimination by means of mediation through chronic stress, and were present during social stress but not during basic emotional or cognitive processing.The identified brain regions are closely connected and relevant for stress processing. Specifically, pACC is a key region of the limbic stress regulatory system, exhibits high glucocorticoid receptor expression, modulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, covaries with cardiovascular stress markers, and relates to social stressors and mental health risks such as urban upbringing, low socioeconomic status, unstable social hierarchies, and urban violence. We further confirm prior data by showing that individuals with an ethnic minority status report increased chronic stress and perceived group discrimination., Interestingly, while perceived discrimination correlated with pACC response, which in turn was associated with cortisol level, we detected no corresponding group differences in the peripheral stress response. Instead, we observed a pattern of partial decoupling in the ethnic minority group, suggestive of reduced neural control of (or feedback from) the periphery.
ConclusionsOur study provides biological evidence for a long-standing hypothesis in the field by showing that neural processing of social-evaluative stress is altered in individuals with ethnic minority status and associated with a plausible facet of perceived social adversity related to this status, perceived discrimination. The results highlight the importance of a neural system for the regulation of negative emotion and stress, raise awareness of the somatic implications of social adversity in ethnic minorities, demonstrate the potential of investigating associations from psychiatric epidemiology using neuroimaging, and encourage future research on the neural convergence mechanisms of genetic and environmental risk factors in this circuitry. Optimally, these efforts would include multiple large and ethnically homogeneous samples of different heritage.
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